In the 1970s, two pioneering psychologists introduced a concept that would come to be known as the “imposter phenomenon.” Their research focused on high-achieving women who, despite their notable academic and professional accomplishments, harboured feelings of fraudulence. These women believed they had deceived others into perceiving them as intelligent and capable, despite substantial evidence to the contrary. This sense of unworthiness and fear of exposure was initially termed the “imposter phenomenon,” which has since evolved into what many refer to as “imposter syndrome.”
The introduction of this phenomenon into the psychological lexicon sparked a multitude of studies, programs, and discussions aimed at addressing these pervasive feelings of inadequacy. However, there is growing concern over the label “syndrome,” which implies a clinical diagnosis or a sign of pathology. This perspective is particularly problematic as it tends to overlook the broader sociocultural factors that contribute to these feelings of self-doubt.
The Historical Context
When the term “imposter phenomenon” was coined, it primarily described the experiences of high-achieving women who felt they had somehow tricked others into overestimating their abilities. This groundbreaking work laid the foundation for subsequent research and intervention programs designed to help individuals combat these feelings. However, the transition from “phenomenon” to “syndrome” has significant implications. Labelling it as a syndrome suggests that the issue lies within the individual, rather than recognizing the external factors and systemic issues that may contribute to these feelings.
Beyond the Individual: Sociocultural Dimensions
The term “imposter syndrome” fails to capture the intricate interplay of race, class, gender, and other identity markers that influence one’s experiences and perceptions of competence. This blanket term not only pathologizes normal feelings of discomfort and self-doubt but also generalizes them, ignoring the unique challenges faced by individuals from marginalized backgrounds. For academics and professionals from these groups, the feelings of not belonging or being an imposter are often exacerbated by systemic biases and exclusionary practices within educational and professional settings.
The Psychological Impact on Marginalised Groups
For individuals from marginalized backgrounds, the sense of being an outsider is not merely a personal issue but a reflection of broader societal inequities. In academic and professional environments where diversity is limited, and inclusion is often superficial, these individuals may feel like perpetual outsiders. The pressure to conform to dominant cultural norms while simultaneously battling stereotypes and biases can intensify feelings of imposterism. This is not a syndrome to be treated within the individual but a reflection of systemic issues that require institutional change.
Influential Voices on the Imposter Narrative
Several well-known individuals have publicly shared their experiences with imposterism, shedding light on how pervasive and debilitating these feelings can be, regardless of one’s level of success. Howard Schultz, CEO of Starbucks, candidly admitted, “Very few people, whether you’ve been in that job before or not, get into the seat and believe today that they are now qualified to be the CEO. They’re not going to tell you that, but it’s true.”
Maya Angelou, the revered civil rights activist and author, also expressed her persistent self-doubt despite her literary success. “I have written 11 books, but each time I think, ‘uh oh, they’re going to find out now. I’ve run a game on everybody, and they’re going to find me out.'” Her words resonate deeply, illustrating that imposter feelings are not confined to a lack of ability but are often unrelated to actual competence.
Similarly, actress Natalie Portman, during her 2015 Harvard Commencement speech, recounted her own struggles with imposter feelings. “Today, I feel much like I did when I came to Harvard as a freshman in 1999. I felt like there had been some mistake, that I wasn’t smart enough to be in this company, and that every time I opened my mouth, I would have to prove that I wasn’t just a dumb actress.” Portman’s testimony highlights how even those who achieve significant milestones can continue to battle self-doubt.
Reframing the Narrative
Given the widespread prevalence and impact of imposter feelings, it is crucial to reframe the narrative. Rather than viewing imposterism as a personal failing or a clinical syndrome, it should be seen as a common human experience exacerbated by systemic issues. This shift in perspective can lead to more effective strategies for addressing these feelings, both at an individual and institutional level.
Strategies for Individuals
For individuals grappling with imposter feelings, several strategies can help mitigate their impact:
- Recognize and Acknowledge: Understanding that imposter feelings are common and not indicative of actual competence can be a significant first step. Acknowledging these feelings without internalizing them as truth is crucial.
- Seek Support: Engaging with mentors, peers, or professional counsellors can provide valuable perspective and support. Sharing experiences with others can help normalize these feelings and reduce their intensity.
- Celebrate Achievements: Taking time to recognize and celebrate one’s accomplishments, no matter how small, can help counteract feelings of inadequacy. Keeping a record of achievements and positive feedback can serve as a reminder of one’s capabilities.
- Continuous Learning: Embracing a growth mindset and viewing challenges as opportunities for learning rather than as tests of inherent ability can reduce the pressure to perform perfectly.
Institutional Change
At an institutional level, addressing imposter feelings requires creating more inclusive and supportive environments:
- Diversity and Inclusion: Promoting diversity and inclusion at all levels can help create a more welcoming environment for individuals from marginalized backgrounds. This includes not only increasing representation but also fostering a culture of belonging and respect.
- Mentorship Programs: Implementing mentorship programs that connect individuals with experienced mentors can provide guidance, support, and a sense of community.
- Training and Awareness: Providing training for staff and leaders on the impact of imposter feelings and how to support individuals experiencing them can create a more understanding and supportive workplace.
- Structural Changes: Addressing systemic biases and barriers that contribute to feelings of exclusion is essential. This includes reviewing and revising policies, practices, and cultural norms that may perpetuate inequities.
Conclusion
The imposter narrative, initially identified as the “imposter phenomenon,” has evolved into what is commonly known as “imposter syndrome.” However, this label can be problematic as it pathologizes normal human experiences and overlooks the significant impact of sociocultural factors. By reframing the narrative and recognizing the systemic issues at play, we can develop more effective strategies to support individuals and create more inclusive environments. As the experiences of influential figures like Howard Schultz, Maya Angelou, and Natalie Portman illustrate, imposter feelings are widespread and can affect anyone. Addressing these feelings requires both individual strategies and institutional changes to foster a culture of belonging and acceptance.